Antimicrobial resistance increased over an 8-year period in Enterobacteriaceae cultured from canine urine samples.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were to describe the prevalence of positive urinary bacterial culture in dogs, to identify the most commonly isolated microorganisms and to analyse changes in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over time. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective case series was performed using culture and susceptibility results from canine urine samples collected between January 2010 and December 2017. The presence or absence of infection, identity of the bacterium with heaviest growth, and susceptibility profile were recorded for each sample. Trends in the frequency of positive culture and antimicrobial resistance were assessed by Poisson regression modelling. Prevalence rate ratio and 95% confidence interval were reported for resistance to each antimicrobial. RESULTS: A positive urine culture was documented in 771 (22.5%) of 3420 samples. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated microorganism. There was no significant increase in the frequency of positive bacterial culture over the study period (prevalence rate ratio 0.98; 95% confidence interval: 0.92 to 1.0). Overall, there was an increase in antimicrobial resistance within Enterobacteriaceae from 5.2 to 35.6%. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria varied from year to year throughout the study period. However, the Poisson regression model identified a significant increase in the frequency of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae over this period, averaging approximately 22% per year (prevalence rate ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 1.42). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The significant increase in antimicrobial resistance observed in this study is concerning and may have implications for veterinary and public health. Appropriate measures, such as antibiotic stewardship programmes, should be implemented to address increasing antimicrobial resistance.

Effect of month of conception on fertility of mares inseminated with jackass semen / Influência do mês da concepção sobre a eficiência reprodutiva de éguas inseminadas com sêmen asinino

Fertility obtained by cross-breeding mares (Equus caballus) with jackasses (Equus asinus) was evaluated. Two extenders, containing skim milk-glucose or egg yolk-glycine were used to study the fertility of mares inseminated with diluted jackass semen (T1 and T2) or diluted and cooled semen at 5°C for 12 hours (T3 and T4). A total of 272 cycles of 208 mares of undefined breeds were evaluated, being uniformly distributed between groups. The cycles were controlled by transrectal palpation and teasing, and mares were inseminated every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday (three times/week), from the detection of a follicle with 3.0 to 3.5cm diameter in one of the ovaries until ovulation. Pregnancy was detected using transrectal palpation, teasing and ultrasound exams every 14 days. The extenders had no effect on fertility (P>0.05). Pregnancy rates for the first cycle were 64.52%, 61.11%, 50.72% and 54.17% and pregnancy rates/cycle were 63.64%, 54.55%, 52.69% and 47.06%, respectively, for T1, T2, T3 and T4. Differences in pregnancy loss rates between groups and effect of month of conception on fertility were found. Pregnancy loss rates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in January (38.46%) and in February and March (52.38%), with an average of 33.09%. The results indicate that mares conceiving at the end of the physiological reproduction time, carrying a mule embryo, are more susceptible to pregnancy loss.

Avaliou-se a eficiência reprodutiva de cruzamentos interespécies entre fêmeas equinas e reprodutores asininos da raça Pêga. Para tal, estudou-se o efeito de dois diluidores, à base de leite em pó desnatado-glicose ou glicina-gema de ovo, sobre a fertilidade de éguas inseminadas com sêmen fresco diluído (T1 e T2) ou diluído e resfriado a 5°C por 12 horas (T3 e T4). Foram utilizados 272 ciclos de 208 éguas mestiças, distribuídas uniformemente entre os tratamentos, após agrupamento por idade e categoria reprodutiva. Os ciclos foram acompanhados por palpação retal e rufiação, sendo as inseminações realizadas às terças, quintas e aos sábados (três vezes por semana), a partir da detecção de um folículo de 3,0 a 3,5cm de diâmetro, em um dos ovários, até a ovulação. As gestações foram acompanhadas por palpação transretal, rufiação e por ultrassonografia, realizada a cada 14 dias. As taxas de gestação obtidas, ao primeiro ciclo, não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos, sendo de 64,52% para T1, 61,11% para T2, 50,72% para T3 e 54,17% para T4. Da mesma maneira, as taxas de gestação por ciclo também não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos, com valores de 63,64%, 54,55%, 52,69% e 47,06% para T1, T2, T3, e T4, respectivamente. No que diz respeito às taxas de perdas gestacionais, obtidas por meio das taxas de perdas e de perdas ajustadas, houve influência (P<0,05) dos tratamentos. Observou-se, ainda, efeito do mês da concepção, com taxas de perda superiores para os meses de janeiro (38,46%) e de fevereiro e março (52,38%), sendo a média de 33,09%. Sugere-se que a redução dos padrões de secreção do LH, ao final da estação de monta, responda pelas maiores taxas de perdas gestacionais do cruzamento interespécie, notadamente naquelas éguas que conceberam no final da estação de monta fisiológica dos equinos.